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In the past, addiction was thought of as resulting from the ingestion of an “addictive” substance, such as heroin or alcohol. These substances were considered to have almost magical powers, rendering the user powerless over their consumption, regardless of context and circumstances such as the stress being experienced by the user.  The DSM-IV definition of substance dependence focused on the physiological effects of

When prescription or over-the-counter medications are used improperly, they can produce serious adverse health effects. In some cases, this can include addiction, dependence, overdose, and death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the number of people who have become addicted to prescription drugs in the United States has risen to epidemic